基础软件作为计算机系统中承上启下的连接层，是连接底层硬件平台与上层应用系统的关键通道，对计算系统架构的构建与软硬件生态的繁荣具有决定性作用。首先回顾了基础软件的发展历程，讨论其在技术架构上“内涵扩展式发展”“平台化演进”的内在逻辑，在商业模式上从“硬件附属品”蜕变为“生态控制权核心”的价值转移路径。面对信息技术向涵盖物理世界、虚拟信息世界、人类社会以及智能机器的“四元融合空间”迈进的新趋势，深入探讨了新一代基础软件平台在软件形态、架构体系、人机交互与软件工程方法论上面临的范式重构，并分析了开放环境下智能操作系统在应对即时任务、异常韧性、持续演化与物理安全等方面的关键技术挑战。最后，讨论了由智能操作系统与智能编译器、智能体互联网、编译优化与智能开发、基础大模型与世界模型、因果数据湖共同构成的新型智能基础软件栈。

Fundamental software acts as the vital link between hardware platform and software application. It is essential for building computing architectures and sustaining a strong technology ecosystem. This paper firstly reviews the history of fundamental software, explains how its technical architecture has expanded and evolved into platform-based model, and traces its business evolution from a simple hardware accessory to the central core of the ecosystem. Information technology is now entering a four-element integrated space that combines the physical world, the virtual world, human society, and intelligent machines. In this new trend, the paper delves into the paradigm restructuring that the new generation of fundamental  software platforms faces in terms of software form, system architecture, human-computer interaction, and engineering methods. Furthermore, it analyzes the key technical challenges that intelligent operating systems encounter in open environments when addressing real-time tasks, exceptional resilience, continuous evolution, and physical security. Finally, the paper discusses a novel intelligent fundamental  software stack jointly constituted by intelligent operating systems and intelligent compilers, the Internet of intelligent agents, compilation optimization, and intelligent development environments, fundamental  models and world models, and causal data lake.