Abstract: In order to alleviate the current shortage of spectrum resources, the energy consumption balance of the cognitive wireless sensor network is improved, and the energy consumption of the network is reduced. An energy-balanced multi-hop multi-path cognitive hierarchical (EMMCH) protocol is proposed, which is suitable for heterogeneous cognitive wireless sensor networks. Firstly, the cluster head election probability is improved based on the remaining energy of the node, the location of the node, and the density of the neighbor nodes. Secondly, the concept of the competition radius is used to balance the energy consumption of the cluster heads. Then, the optimal cluster head is selected based on the channel availability and the remaining energy The number of cluster heads changes dynamically. Finally, the cluster head node selects the node with high residual energy, close to the convergent node, and an idle channel for multi-hop transmission path planning, and then selects the optimal path in combination with the consumption along the way and the degree of imbalance. Simulation results show that the EMMCH algorithm has a relatively longer life cycle, higher stability, more data transmission volume, and more balanced network energy consumption.

Key words: cognitive wireless sensor network, heterogeneous, energy balance, multi-hop transmission, path planning