The problem of single control factor selection of cluster head in multihop routing can shorten the entire lifecycle of the wireless sensor network. To solve this problem, we construct the fitness function based on the residual energy, node degree and connection distance, and guarantee the optimal selection of the cluster head according to the value of cluster head evaluation functions. At the same time, the fitness factor and residual energy tradeoff factor are added to optimize the ant colony algorithm, which effectively controls the increase and decrease of pheromone in the complete path. We apply the algorithm to the multihop transmission of data between cluster heads to protect the low energy cluster head.  It is beneficial to make each node's energy consumption close to the mean, and the network can monitor and transmit data more persistently. Experimental results show that compared with the LEACH and HEED algorithms, the proposed scheme  is more effective in balancing energy consumption and prolonging life cycle.